Published: July 12, 2008
Federal regulators seized IndyMac Bancorp on Friday evening, marking one of the largest bank failures in American history.
The
bank, once part of the Countrywide Financial Corporation, is the first
major bank to shut its doors since the mortgage crisis erupted more
than a year ago. (IndyMac is not related to Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, the big mortgage finance companies that alarmed the stock market this week.)
The
closure followed a frenzied week during which IndyMac’s executives
tried to bolster the ailing bank. IndyMac, based in Pasadena, Calif.,
stopped making new loans and announced layoffs of more than half of its
7,200 workers. But IndyMac’s customers, afraid their savings might
disappear, stampeded tellers and demanded their money.
Most of IndyMac’s deposits are guaranteed by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, which will operate the bank and try to sell it.
The run on the bank came after a critical letter about the bank from Senator Charles E. Schumer,
Democrat of New York. Federal regulators said on Friday that Mr.
Schumer’s letter had prompted the collapse by causing the run and
scaring away potential acquirers.
“The senator made comments in
his letter questioning the viability of the institution,” John M.
Reich, director of the Office of Thrift Supervision, said in a phone
call with reporters. “When a member of the United States Senate makes such a statement, it frightens depositors.”
In
the days after Mr. Schumer’s letter was released on June 26, IndyMac
customers withdrew an average of $100 million a day from the bank, or a
total of $1.3 billion, the government said. Before Mr. Schumer’s
letter, the bank had been receiving net inflows of money from
depositors, Mr. Reich said.
Mr. Schumer, who has been critical of bank regulators for months, released a statement criticizing Mr. Reich’s agency.
“IndyMac’s
troubles, like Countrywide’s were caused by practices that began and
persisted over the last several years,” he said. “If O.T.S. had done
its job as regulator and not let IndyMac’s poor and loose lending
practices continue, we wouldn’t be where we are today.”
For all
the write-downs and bad news on Wall Street over the last year, only
five local and regional banks have shut their doors. The handful that
have failed have been a fraction of the size of IndyMac. IndyMac held
$32 billion in assets as of late March, according to the government
release.
“It’s the biggest failure in 24 years,” said Chip
MacDonald, a banking lawyer at Jones Day in Atlanta. “You haven’t had a
lot of failures of that size, yet.”
It has been 15 years since
any bank larger than $10 billion in assets collapsed. The largest bank
failure on record was in 1984 when Continental Illinois National Bank
and Trust in Chicago hit trouble, presaging the savings and loan crisis.
IndyMac
ran into trouble late last year when it was not able to sell off a
chunk of its Alt-A mortgage loans, which go to homeowners with credit
that is better than the sub-prime category. IndyMac was being shopped
to potential investors this summer, but their interest disappeared
after Mr. Schumer’s comments, said Timothy T. Ward, deputy director of
examinations, supervision and consumer protection at the O.T.S.
William
Isaac, chairman of the F.D.I.C. in the early 1980s, cautioned against
panic. Bank failures so far pale against the 3,000 bank failures in the
1980s, he said.
Elizabeth Sullivan, an IndyMac customer in the
Pasadena area, said she almost withdrew her money after hearing about
Mr. Schumer’s letter two weeks ago. Once she felt assured that the
F.D.I.C. would insure her money, she decided against it, in part out of
loyalty to a teller she likes at her local branch and because she felt
a public duty not to contribute to “mass panic.”
“Now I wish I had withdrawn it,” she said. “That was in my gut.”